The course is constituted of two parts. In the first one the main pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic features of active principles used for topical, systemic and diagnostic uses will be presented. In the second part the pharmacological therapy of risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, of the main gastrointestinal, respiratory, central nervous systems diseases will be presented. In addition, the main classes of chemiotherapeutic agents including antibiotics and antitumoral will be presented
Course Content
Major objective of the course is to provide the pharmacological basis of therapeutics. Medicines representative of therapeutic classes are illustrated for their chemical nature, pharmacological action(s), mechanism(s) of action, therapeutic indication(s), pharmacokinetic characteristics, efficacy, safety, adverse reactions, toxicity, contraindications, drug interactions, doses and administration route.
M. Amico-Roxas, A. Caputi, M. Del Tacca. Compendio di Farmacologia Generale e Speciale- Strumenti di Medicina Pratica,UTET, Torino, 2005
Cella SG, Di Giulio AM, Gorio A., Scaglione F. Farmacologia per le lauree sanitarie, Piccin editore
Waller D.G., Renwick A.G., Hillier K.
Farmacologia Medica ed Elementi di Terapia
con accesso online (2011), Elsevier
ISBN: 9788821429200
M. Amico-Roxas, A. Caputi, M. Del Tacca. Compendio di Farmacologia Generale e Speciale- Strumenti di Medicina Pratica,UTET, Torino, 2005
Cella SG, Di Giulio AM, Gorio A., Scaglione F. Farmacologia per le lauree sanitarie, Piccin editore
Waller D.G., Renwick A.G., Hillier K.
Farmacologia Medica ed Elementi di Terapia
con accesso online (2011), Elsevier
ISBN: 9788821429200
Learning Objectives
The aim of the course is to prepare a nurse which knows i) the correct use of the active principles in respect of their therapeutic indications and administration routes, ii) to inform the patient, taking care of him/her, controlling the therapeutic efficacy of the treatments iii) how to recognize collateral or adverse effects of the treatments and is able to inform the patient about the importance to adhere to the therapy and of possible pharmacological and/or dietary interaction
Learning Objectives
The aim of the course is to prepare a nurse which knows i) the correct use of the active principles in respect of their therapeutic indications and administration routes, ii) to inform the patient, taking care of him/her, controlling the therapeutic efficacy of the treatments iii) how to recognize collateral or adverse effects of the treatments and is able to inform the patient about the importance to adhere to the therapy and of possible pharmacological and/or dietary interaction
Prerequisites
Basic Knowledge of biochemistry, physiology and general pathology.
Prerequisites
Basic Knowledge of biochemistry and physiology
Teaching Methods
Lessons in class
Teaching Methods
Lessons in class
Type of Assessment
Multiple choice test and open questions
Type of Assessment
Multiple choiche test.
Course program
General principles of pharmacology: Definition of pharmacologically active compound (active principle), objective assessment of risk / benefit ratio, therapeutic efficacy and toxicity of a molecule; The role of the nurse in pre-registration trials and in Phase IV post-marketing; branded, not-branded (generic), over the counter and diagnostic drugs. Concept of bioequivalence; main pharmaceutical and galenic forms;
Presentation of a leaflet, drug indications, relative and absolute contraindications. Routes of drug administration; side effects and adverse events as a cause of hospitalization;
definition of: allergy, idiosyncrasy, tolerance, physical and psychic dependence, mutagenicity and teratogenicity in respect with drug therapy;
Main concepts of drug pharmacokinetics: mechanisms of absorption; bioavailability: topic and systemic therapies or for diagnostic purposes. Drug-binding to plasma proteins: plasma half-life and dose rate.
Distribution (and re-distribution) of drugs in biological fluids in the prediction of the duration of drug effect. Drug metabolism, induction and inhibition of drug metabolism: effect of dietary components; influence of genetic polymorphisms. Bioactivation of pro-drugs; clearance.
Main concepts of drug mechanism of action (drug pharmacodynamic): drug-target interaction and dose-effect relationship: definition of agonist (full, partial and allosteric) and antagonist (competitive and non-competitive). Main mechanisms of signal transduction. Drug potency and efficacy, therapeutic index. Pharmacological synergism; Examples of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodinamic interactions among drugs, foods and herbal medicines
2nd Part: for each class of drugs the student should know and recognize side effects, the route of administration, the main dietary and drug-drug interactions.
-Main drugs used for treating depression, anxiety-based syndromes (adherence to therapy) and neurodegenerative disorders. Therapy of pain according to the OMS classification (opioids, NSAIDs and adjuvants); Main antiemetic drugs; Drug treatment of major respiratory diseases (asthma and COPD): short- and long-acting bronchodilators and anti-inflammatory (topical and systemic steroids), xanthines, mucolytics. Issues related to the use of pulmonary delivery devices for topic use . Drugs for cough relief.
-The therapy for reduction of cardiovascular risk factors: antihypertensive (main active principles). Drugs used in pregnancy; antidiabetics (main drugs for the management of type 1, 2, and gestational diabetic patients); treatment of micro and macrovascular complications. Anti hyper-uricemic.; anti-dislipidemic (secondary prevention of cardiovascular events in risk patients). Indications and main gaols of the antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy (aspirin and anticoagulants). Role of the nurse in the management of the patient treated with anticoagulants. Drugs of the ischemic cardiomyopathies: drugs for the management of the acute attack (nitroglycerine as reference compound) and for the secondary prevention. Heart and renal failure: ACEi, sartans, diuretics and positive inotropic (digitalis and not digitalis) drugs. Main drugs used as anti-arrhythmic.
Treatment of gastrointestinal disorders: antiacids and prokinetics, laxatives and anti-diarrheal: main drug-drug and drug-dietary component interactions. Drugs used for the hyper-secretory syndromes and for eradication of Helicobacter Pylory;--Therapy of acute and chronic inflammatory diseases: main representative of non-steroidal and steroidal classes of drugs; Main regimens of treatment of hormonal therapy for contraception and osteoporosis:;
Antimicrobial Chemotherapy: concepts of pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and choice of regimen. Main classes of antibiotics time-and concentration-dependent: mechanism of action and side effects. Multiple preparations, antibiotic resistance and treatment of the most frequent hospital infections. Anti-retroviral, antifungal drugs for systemic use: mechanism of action and side effects.
Cancer Chemotherapy: classical, hormonal and immune modulators, tyrosine kinase inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies: mechanism of action and side effects. Drugs in palliative care.
Saline and colloidal solutions for endovenous treatments.
Course program
General principles of pharmacology: Definition of pharmacologically active compound (active principle), objective assessment of risk / benefit ratio, therapeutic efficacy and toxicity of a molecule; The role of the nurse in pre-registration trials and in Phase IV post-marketing; branded, not-branded (generic), over the counter and diagnostic drugs. Concept of bioequivalence; main pharmaceutical and galenic forms;
Presentation of a leaflet, drug indications, relative and absolute contraindications. Routes of drug administration; side effects and adverse events as a cause of hospitalization;
definition of: allergy, idiosyncrasy, tolerance, physical and psychic dependence, mutagenicity and teratogenicity in respect with drug therapy;
Main concepts of drug pharmacokinetics: mechanisms of absorption; bioavailability: topic and systemic therapies or for diagnostic purposes. Drug-binding to plasma proteins: plasma half-life and dose rate.
Distribution (and re-distribution) of drugs in biological fluids in the prediction of the duration of drug effect. Drug metabolism, induction and inhibition of drug metabolism: effect of dietary components; influence of genetic polymorphisms. Bioactivation of pro-drugs; clearance.
Main concepts of drug mechanism of action (drug pharmacodynamic): drug-target interaction and dose-effect relationship: definition of agonist (full, partial and allosteric) and antagonist (competitive and non-competitive). Main mechanisms of signal transduction. Drug potency and efficacy, therapeutic index. Pharmacological synergism; Examples of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodinamic interactions among drugs, foods and herbal medicines
2nd Part: for each class of drugs the student should know and recognize side effects, the route of administration, the main dietary and drug-drug interactions.
-Main drugs used for treating depression, anxiety-based syndromes (adherence to therapy) and neurodegenerative disorders. Therapy of pain according to the OMS classification (opioids, NSAIDs and adjuvants); Main antiemetic drugs; Drug treatment of major respiratory diseases (asthma and COPD): short- and long-acting bronchodilators and anti-inflammatory (topical and systemic steroids), xanthines, mucolytics. Issues related to the use of pulmonary delivery devices for topic use . Drugs for cough relief.
-The therapy for reduction of cardiovascular risk factors: antihypertensive (main active principles). Drugs used in pregnancy; antidiabetics (main drugs for the management of type 1, 2, and gestational diabetic patients); treatment of micro and macrovascular complications. Anti hyper-uricemic.; anti-dislipidemic (secondary prevention of cardiovascular events in risk patients). Indications and main gaols of the antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy (aspirin and anticoagulants). Role of the nurse in the management of the patient treated with anticoagulants. Drugs of the ischemic cardiomyopathies: drugs for the management of the acute attack (nitroglycerine as reference compound) and for the secondary prevention. Heart and renal failure: ACEi, sartans, diuretics and positive inotropic (digitalis and not digitalis) drugs. Main drugs used as anti-arrhythmic.
Treatment of gastrointestinal disorders: antiacids and prokinetics, laxatives and anti-diarrheal: main drug-drug and drug-dietary component interactions. Drugs used for the hyper-secretory syndromes and for eradication of Helicobacter Pylory;--Therapy of acute and chronic inflammatory diseases: main representative of non-steroidal and steroidal classes of drugs; Main regimens of treatment of hormonal therapy for contraception and osteoporosis:;
Antimicrobial Chemotherapy: concepts of pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and choice of regimen. Main classes of antibiotics time-and concentration-dependent: mechanism of action and side effects. Multiple preparations, antibiotic resistance and treatment of the most frequent hospital infections. Anti-retroviral, antifungal drugs for systemic use: mechanism of action and side effects.
Cancer Chemotherapy: classical, hormonal and immune modulators, tyrosine kinase inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies: mechanism of action and side effects. Drugs in palliative care.
Saline and colloidal solutions for endovenous treatments.
Neuropsychopharmacology:
Autonomic system, opioids, anxiolytics, hypnotics, antidepressants, antiepileptics, antiparkinsonian drugs, antipsychotics.