Kinematics. Newton's laws of motion. Work and energy. System dynamics. Rigid bodies. Gravitation. Oscillations. Basics of fluid mechanics.
Thermodynamic systems. Laws of Thermodynamics.
Electrical phenomena. The electrostatic potential. Conductors and capacitors. Stationary electric currents. Stationary magnetic fields. Electromagnetic fields. Electromagnetic waves.
Advised textbooks for theory:
1-a) W. E. Gettys, G. Vannini, Fisica 1. Meccanica e termodinamica, Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education, Year: 2015, ISBN: 9788838668838
1-b) W. E. Gettys, G. Cantatore, L. Vitale, Fisica 2. Elettromagnetismo - onde - ottica, Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education, Year: 2011, ISBN: 9788838665721
2) R. A. Serway, J. W. Jewett, Principi di fisica, Publisher: EdiSES, Year: 2015, ISBN: 9788879598644
3) D. Halliday, R. Resnick, J. Walker, Fondamenti di Fisica. Meccanica - onde - termodinamica - elettromagnetismo - ottica, Publisher: Casa Editrice Ambrosiana, Year: 2015, ISBN: 9788808182296
Advised textbooks for exercises:
1-a) C. Mencuccini, V. Silvestrini, Esercizi di fisica. Meccanica e Termodinamica. Interamente svolti, Publisher: Casa Editrice Ambrosiana, Year: 2017, ISBN: 9788808287021
1-b) C. Mencuccini, V. Silvestrini, Esercizi di fisica. Elettromagnetismo e Ottica. Interamente svolti, Publisher: Casa Editrice Ambrosiana, Year: 2016, ISBN: 9788808187031
Supplementary and advanced level books:
1-a) S. Focardi, I. Massa, A. Uguzzoni, M. Villa, Fisica Generale. Meccanica e Termodinamica, Publisher: Casa Editrice Ambrosiana, Year: 2014, ISBN: 9788808182159
1-b) S. Focardi, I. Massa, A. Uguzzoni, Fisica Generale. Elettromagnetismo, Publisher: Casa Editrice Ambrosiana, Year: 2003, ISBN: 9788808086198
1-c) S. Focardi, I. Massa, A. Uguzzoni, Fisica Generale. Onde e Ottica, Publisher: Casa Editrice Ambrosiana, Year: 2010, ISBN: 9788808181497
2-a) C. Mencuccini, V. Silvestrini, Fisica I. Meccanica - Termodinamica. Corso di fisica per le facoltà scientifiche corredato di esempi ed esercizi, Publisher: Liguori Editore, Year: 2006, ISBN: 9788820714932
2-b) C. Mencuccini, V. Silvestrini, Fisica II. Elettromagnetismo - Ottica. Corso di fisica per le facoltà scientifiche corredato di esempi ed esercizi, Publisher: Liguori Editore, Year: 1999, ISBN: 9788820716332
Learning Objectives
a) Instrumental target: the introduction of fundamental concepts in General Physics. The conceptual aspects, needed to investigate issues concerning the modern scientific debate and the application-related aspects, useful to approach further study for the Bachelor’s Degree in Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, are both treated in the course. These skills will be immediately used by the student in the study of all other disciplines with physical-mathematical content.
b) Educational target: the illustration of the typical logical structure of problems in General Physics, in order to get the student used to the necessary rigour in the discussion and in the review of the results (foundamental mindset to develop a critical and conscious approach of any model, physical-mathematical and otherwise).
c) Consolidation of basic physical knowledge target: the acquisition of the first elements concerning the scientific method and the formal approach to the quantitative solution of scientific and technical problems.
d) Methodological target: the acquisition of a methodology that will allow the student to deal with it properly, by consulting the appropriate texts, even relatively new themes that will be gradually introduced in subsequent studies.
Prerequisites
Although no prerequisites are required, it is important that the student has:
1) a basic knowledge of mathematics and geometry, acquired at the high school. In particular:
a) Algebra: literal calculation; polynomials and operations on them; arithmetical nth root, exponentiation with rational exponent and its properties; absolute value and its properties; resolution of equations and inequalities (at first and second degree, involving modules, algebraic, involving fractions, irrational...);
b) Trigonometry: basic concepts, basic trigonometric functions, basic trigonometric identities, geometrical applications of trigonometry, trigonometric equations and inequalities;
c) Analytical Geometry: Cartesian coordinates, equation of the line, the circle, a brief outline of conic sections; geometric meaning of equations and systems of equations in two unknown quantities;
d) Elementary functions: the knowledge and the construction of graphs of linear, quadratic, power, exponential, logarithmic functions; elementary trigonometric functions;
e) Mathematical analysis: calculation of limits, derivatives, integrals, matrices, resolution of differential equations;
2) a basic knowledge of Physics, acquired at the high school.
Teaching Methods
Theory lessons will be conducted in the classroom, with the aid of the blackboard and through slide shows.
A tutoring service, in which some exercices of general physics will be carried out with the tutor in charge, will be provided to the students during the course.
Further information
Class attendance is mandatory.
We recommend to follow at least the course "B012197 - MATEMATICA,STATISTICA E LABORATORIO DI INFORMATICA" before to take the exam of the course of Physics.
A tutoring service, in which some exercices of general physics will be carried out with the tutor in charge, will be provided to the students during the course.
In the planning of the examinations to sustain, please pay attention to the requisites of preparatory: the exam of the course of Physics is preparatory to the exam of the course "B016519 - CHIMICA FISICA" (II year, II semester) and in general to the exams of all the courses of the III year.
Type of Assessment
The exam consists of a written test, with exercises to be done, and in a following (only if the written test is considered sufficient) oral test concerning the discussion of some theory issues and the resolution of some exercises at the blackboard.
The oral test must be sustained in the same session of the written test. In case of failure of the oral test, the written one must be repeated.
Three written tests in progress will be scheduled during the semester (with exercises to be carried out). A participation in all the 3 tests in progress with a final average judgement greater than or equal to 18 gives the right to the exemption for the final written exam.
The exemption for the written test, guaranteed by the overcoming of the tests in progress, is valid untill the autumn session included. In case of failure of the oral test, a new written test must be sustained.
Course program
Introduction
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Physical quantities
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Physics as a fundamental science. Characteristics of Physics. Scientific method. Laws of Physics and Principles. Physical quantities and their measurement. Measurement methods: direct and indirect measurements. Operational definition of a physical quantity. Errors in measurements: systematic errors and random errors. Precision and accuracy in a series of measurements. Scientific notation, orders of magnitude and significant digits. Dimensions of physical quantities: Laws of Physics and dimensional analysis. Systems of measurement. Time. Length. Mass. Strategies for solving problems in Physics.
Vector calculus
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Scalar and vector quantities. Vectorial notations and definitions. Operations on vectors: sum and difference of vectors, product of a scalar by a vector, scalar product, vector product. Versors. Decomposition of vectors. Cartesian orthogonal representation. Cartesian expressions of operations involving vectors. Vector derivation and integration. Differential calculus: functions with one and more variables. Differential operators: gradient, divergence, rotor. Del operator.
Mechanics
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Kinematics: motion in one dimension
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Motion and frames of reference. Diagram of the material point. Position and displacement in one dimension. Space-time diagram. Velocity: average velocity and instantaneous velocity in one dimension. Velocity-time diagram. Calculation of the position from the velocity. Uniform linear motion. Acceleration: average acceleration and instantaneous acceleration in one dimension. Acceleration-time diagram. Accelerated and decelerated motion. Calculation of the velocity from the acceleration. Uniformly accelerated linear motion. Equations for falling bodies.
Kinematics: motion in two and three dimensions
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Position and displacement in two and three dimensions. Velocity: average velocity and instantaneous velocity in two and three dimensions. Acceleration: average acceleration and instantaneous acceleration in two and three dimensions. General problem of motion. Motion with constant acceleration in two dimensions: the ballistics. Uniform circular motion. Angular velocity. Periodic motion: period, frequency and angular frequency. Velocity, centripetal acceleration and tangential acceleration in a curvilinear motion. Relative motions: relative motion of rectilinear translation and relative motion of uniform rotation.
Laws of Dynamics
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Interactions and environment. Forces: contact forces and forces at a distance. Operational definition and static measurement of forces: the dynamometer. Superposition Principle. Principle of relativity and covariance of physical Laws. Inertial reference systems. First Law of Dynamics (Principle of inertia). Second Law of Dynamics (Principle of proportionality). Inertial mass and gravitational mass. Mass and weight. Dynamic measurement of forces. Third Law of Dynamics (Principle of action and reaction). Tension forces and rheonomic constraints (smooth constraint and rough constraint). Applications of Laws of Dynamics: problems with ramps and pulleys. Statics. Free body diagram. Contact forces between plane surfaces of solids: normal force, static friction force, dynamic friction force. Dynamics of uniform circular motion. Dynamics in non-inertial reference systems and apparent forces. Centrifugal force. Fundamental forces of Nature.
Work and Energy
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Work of a force. Work done by a constant force and by a variable force in one dimension. Elastic force. Work done by the elastic force. General expression of work. Principle of independence of simultaneous actions. Work done by the gravitational force. Work in the uniform circular motion. Kinetic energy and work-energy Principle. Power.
Conservation of energy
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conservative forces and non-conservative forces. Unidimensional conservative systems: potential energy and mechanical energy. Gravitational potential energy. Elastic potential energy. Histograms of energy. Graphical analysis of conservative systems: equilibrium and stability. Conservative forces and potential energy: general case. Equivalent definitions of conservative force. Conservation of mechanical energy. Non-conservative forces and internal work. Law of conservation of energy.
Gravitation
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Background history: the gravitation theory and the scientific method. Heliocentric model of the solar system. Dependence of gravity force on distance. Dependence of gravity force on mass. Law of universal gravitation for point bodies. Law of universal gravitation for extended bodies. Universal gravitational constant. Gravity near the surface of the Earth. Central forces with spherical symmetry. Gravitational field. Gravitational potential energy. Kepler's Laws and Newton's Law of universal gravitation. Orbital motion. Satellite motion: binding energy and escape velocity.
Systems Dynamics
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Center of mass in discrete systems. Center of mass properties. Center of mass in continuous systems. Density. Center of mass in continuous and homogeneous systems. Momentum. Momentum and the first two Laws of Dynamics. Impulse-momentum theorem. Motion of the center of mass. First theorem of the center of mass. Internal forces and external forces to a system. First equation of systems Dynamics. Second theorem of the center of mass. Roto-translational motion. Conservation of momentum. Collisions. Preservation of dynamic variables in collisions. Elastic collision in one dimension. Inelastic collisions in one dimension. Collisions in two and three dimensions.
Static equilibrium of a rigid body
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Extended systems and equilibrium. Rigid system. Rigid systems and equilibrium. Moment of an applied vector. Moment of a force. Moment of a force and rotations of rigid bodies. Force couple. Statics of rigid bodies: basic equations of Statics.
Kinematics of a rotational motion
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Degrees of freedom. Translational, rotational and roto-translational motion of a rigid body. Measurement of angles. Angular position, displacement, velocity and acceleration. Kinematics of a rotation around a fixed axis. Relation between linear and angular magnitudes. Rotational energy. Moment of inertia in discrete systems. Moment of inertia in continuous systems. Moment of inertia in continuous and homogeneous systems. Representative moments of inertia. Huygens-Steiner theorem. Rotational motion of a rigid body without sliding. Roto-translational motion. Kinetic energy of a rolling rigid body.
Dynamics of a rotational motion
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Angular momentum. Angular momentum of a material point. Angular momentum and moment of forces applied to a material point. Second Law of Dynamics (rotational analogous for a material point). Angular momentum in discrete systems. Angular momentum in continuous systems. Angular momentum in continuous and homogeneous systems. Resultant moment of the internal forces of a system. Second Law of Dynamics (rotational analogous for a system of material points). Third theorem of the center of mass. Basic equations of Mechanics. Dynamics of a rigid body rotation around a fixed axis. Equation of the rotational motion. Isolated systems and third Law of Dynamics. Central forces. Conservation of angular momentum. Axial moment of an applied force. Work and energy for a rigid body rotation. Work and energy for any system of bodies. Mechanical energy for a system of bodies.
Oscillatory motion
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Kinematics of an harmonic oscillator. Dynamics of an harmonic oscillator. Energy of an harmonic oscillator. Vertical spring-mass system. Simple pendulum. Harmonic oscillator and uniform circular motion. Damped harmonic oscillator. Driven harmonic oscillator and resonance.
Fluid Mechanics
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Fluids. Density. Pressure. Pressure in a static fluid. Pressure in an incompressible fluid. Stevin's Law and Pascal's Law. Atmospheric pressure. Pressure measurements. Archimedes' principle. Fluid Dynamics. Continuity equation. Bernoulli's theorem. Applications of the Bernoulli's theorem. Real fluids. Viscosity.
Thermodynamics
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Temperature, heat and the first Law of Thermodynamics
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Microscopic and macroscopic description of a system. State variables of a system. Adiabatic and diathermic walls: thermal equilibrium. Temperature and zeroth Law of Thermodynamics. Thermometers and temperature scale for a perfect gas. Thermal expansion. Heat. Heat transfer by conduction, convection and radiation. Thermodynamic equilibrium, thermodynamic transformations and equations of state. Equation of state of an ideal gas. Real gases. Pressure volume diagram. Specific heat at constant pressure and specific heat at constant volume. Molar heat capacity. Latent heat. Work and thermodynamic processes. First Law of Thermodynamics. Internal energy. Applications of the first Law of Thermodynamics: quasi-static isochoric transformation, quasi-static isobaric transformation, quasi-static adiabatic transformation, quasi-static isothermal transformation. Free expansion. Microscopic points of view.
Entropy and second Law of Thermodynamics
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Heat engines and second Law of Thermodynamics (Kelvin-Planck statement). Refrigerators and second Law of Thermodynamics (Clausius statement). Reversible and irreversible processes. Carnot cycle. Performance of heat engines and refrigerators. Entropy. Entropy and isolated systems. Entropy and second Law of Thermodynamics.
Electromagnetism
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Electric field
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Electric charge and matter. Electrical insulators and conductors. Basic Laws of electrostatics. Quantization of electric charge. Conservation of electric charge. Coulomb's Law. Superposition Principle. Comparison between gravitational and electrostatic force. Electric field. Electric field generated by one or more point charges. Electric dipole. Electric field generated by a continuous charge distribution. Lines of force for the electric field. Motion of a charged particle in a uniform electric field. Motion of an electric dipole in a uniform electric field.
Gauss's Law
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Electrostatic properties of a conductor. Conductors in electrostatic equilibrium. Electric field and electric charge within a conductor. Electric field in the immediate vicinity of a conductor. Electric field generated by a uniform distribution of charge placed on an infinitely extended plane (single layer). Electric field generated by two parallel planes infinitely extended on which a uniform charge density is disposed, equal in magnitude but opposite in sign (double layer). Electrostatic shield. Flux of a vector field. Flux of the electric field. Gauss's Law. Deduction of Gauss's Law by Coulomb's Law. Gauss's Law in differential form. Application of Gauss's Law to symmetric distributions of charge.
Electric potential
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Electric potential energy. Electric potential. Electric potential produced by a point charge. Electric potential produced by a distribution of charged particles. Electric potential produced by a continuous charge distribution. Electric potential difference. Relation between electric field and electric potential. Equipotential surfaces. Equipotential surfaces in conductors.
Direct current circuits
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Conductors, capacity and capacitors. Electrostatic properties and molecular characterization of dielectrics. Electric current. Direct current circuits. Generators of electromotive force. Resistance and resistivity. Ohm's Law. Electric circuits. Energy and power in electric circuits. Resistors in series and in parallel. Capacitors in series and in parallel. Measurements of current, voltage and resistance. Charge and discharge of a capacitor in a RC circuit. Kirchhoff's Laws.
Magnetic field
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Magnetism. Magnetic field. Motion of a charged particle in a uniform magnetic field. Motion of a charged particle in the presence of electric and magnetic fields. Lorentz force. Mass spectrometer. Magnetic force on a conductor traversed by direct current. Second Laplace's Law. Moment of forces agent on a coil traversed by direct current and placed in a uniform magnetic field. Magnetic field produced by direct currents. Biot-Savart Law and first Laplace's Law. Magnetic field generated by an indefinite straight wire traversed by direct current. Magnetic field generated on its own axis by a circular coil traversed by direct current. Ampere's Law. Magnetic field in a solenoid traversed by direct current. Magnetic force acting between parallel wires traversed by direct current. Magnetic force acting between coils traversed by direct current. Equivalence between coils and magnetic needles. Magnetic flux and Gauss's Law for magnetic fields.
Electromagnetic fields and electromagnetic waves
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Electromagnetic induction between circuits. Faraday's Law. Lenz's Law. Dynamic electromotive force. Electromagnetic waves. Emission and detection of electromagnetic waves. Electromagnetic planar waves. Speed of light. Electric and magnetic fields into electromagnetic planar waves. Energy in electromagnetic fields. Spectrum of electromagnetic radiation.
Optics
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Wave optics
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Polarization of electromagnetic waves. Polarization measurement. Malus's Law. Polarizers. Interference between electromagnetic waves. Interference between planar electromagnetic waves and between spherical electromagnetic waves. Huygens-Fresnel Principle. Young's double slit experiment. Interference of reflected waves. Interference on thin films. Diffraction grating. Diffraction. Diffraction pattern produced by a single slit.
Geometrical optics
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Wavefront and light rays. Light reflection. Law of reflection. Light refraction. Snell's Law. Total internal reflection. Formation of images by reflection. Real and virtual images. Mirrors. Planar mirrors. Convex and concave spherical mirrors. Mirror equation. Formation of images by refraction. Lenses. Convergent and divergent lenses. Thin lenses. Thin lens equation. Thin lenses systems.