Structure and function of proteins. Principles of thermodynamics. Kinetics and enzymatic catalysis. Structure and function of carbohydrates. Structure and function of lipids. Structure and function of nucleic acids. The metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids. Spectrophotometric techniques, immunochemical and chromatographic. Electrophoresis
Course Content - Last names M-Z
Structure and function of proteins. Principles of thermodynamics. Kinetics and enzymatic catalysis. Structure and function of carbohydrates. Structure and function of lipids. Structure and function of nucleic acids. The metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids.
Garrett - Grisham "Biochimica" Piccin Ed.
Tettamanti "Biochimica Medica" Piccin Ed.
Nelson, Cox "I Principi di Biochimica di Lehninger". Zanichelli Ed.
Stryer "Biochimica". Zanichelli Zanichelli Ed.
Learning Objectives - Last names A-L
The course aims to train the student in relation to the general principles of Biochemistry and Biochemical Methodology. Then provides knowledge about the structure and function of biological macromolecules, methods and techniques used for their study, metabolism and on the principles of regulation. The course aims to train the student in relation to the general principles of Biochemistry and biochemical methodology. Then provides knowledge about the structure and function of biological macromolecules, methods and techniques used for their study, metabolism and on the principles of metabolic regulation.
Learning Objectives - Last names M-Z
The course aims to train the student in relation to the general principles of Biochemistry and Biochemical Methodology. Then provides knowledge about the structure and function of biological macromolecules, methods and techniques used for their study, metabolism and on the principles of regulation. The course aims to train the student in relation to the general principles of Biochemistry and biochemical methodology. Then provides knowledge about the structure and function of biological macromolecules, methods and techniques used for their study, metabolism and on the principles of metabolic regulation.
Prerequisites - Last names A-L
The course requires knowledge of general chemistry, organic chemistry and physiology and anatomy
Prerequisites - Last names M-Z
The course requires knowledge of general chemistry, organic chemistry and physiology and anatomy
Teaching Methods - Last names A-L
Lectures
Teaching Methods - Last names M-Z
Lectures.
Type of Assessment - Last names A-L
The final exam consists of an oral examination designed to measure the knowledge of the matter.
Type of Assessment - Last names M-Z
Oral exam.
Course program - Last names A-L
Introduction
Recalls of organic chemistry. Chemical reactivity. Structure and chemical-physical characteristics of the water.
Principles of thermodynamics.
First and second law of thermodynamics. Free energy of a chemical reaction. Exo- and endoergonic reactions. Coupled reactions. Equilibrium constants and rate constants. Chemical kinetics. Collision theory. Transition state theory.
Amino acids and proteins
The aminoacids. The peptide bond. Primary and secondary structure of proteins. Fibrous and globular proteins: tertiary structure. Quaternary structure. Folding and stability of proteins.
Electrophoretic techniques: principles and applications. Isoelectric focusing. Two-dimensional electrophoresis.
Protein function: hemoglobin, immunoglobulins, enzymes
Cooperative binding and efficiency of oxygen transport. Bohr effect. Effect of 2,3-Bisphosphoglyceric acid. Fetal hemoglobin. Transport of carbon dioxide.
Structure and function of immunoglobulins. Immunoenzymatic techniques: RIA and ELISA assays, western blot, immunohistochemistry.
Principles of catalysis and enzyme kinetics
Factors affecting enzyme activity. Definition of the initial velocity. Michaelis-Menten equation. Meaning of the kinetic parameters KM, Vmax, kcat, kcat / KM. Principles of spectrophotometry and assay of enzymes. Examples of enzyme assays.
Classification of enzymes. Cofactors of enzymes: metal ions and coenzymes. Analysis of the kinetic data. Irreversible and reversible inhibitors. Allosteric enzymes. Characteristics and mechanisms of enzymatic catalysis. Examples of enzymatic catalysis. Ribonuclease, lysozyme, serine-proteases. Mechanisms of regulation of enzyme activity. Vitamins and coenzymes.
Carbohydrates
Classification: mono-, oligo- and polysaccharides. Chemical and physical properties. Outline of stereoisomerism. Amino sugars. Homo- and etero-polysaccharides. Glycosaminoglycans. Proteoglycans. Glycoproteins.
Lipids and biological membranes
Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Triglycerides, glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, cholesterol.Lipids as intracellular and extracellular signaling molecules. Structure and function of biological membranes. The membrane transport (transporters, pumps and ion channels).
Nucleic acids and genetic information
Nucleosides and nucleotides. DNA: structure and properties. Genes and chromosomes. DNA replication. DNA damage and mutations. Structure and function of messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA and transfer RNA. DNA-dependent RNA synthesis. The arabinose and tryptophan operons. RNA maturation. Genetic code. Ribosomes: structure and function. Amino acid activation. Protein biosynthesis. Post-translational modifications of proteins. Protein degradation.
Metabolism
General concepts. Energy conversion. Compounds with "energy-rich" bonds. Coupled reactions. Catabolism and anabolism.
Carbohydrate metabolism
General information on the metabolism of carbohydrates. Reactions and enzymes of glycolysis. Thermodynamics of glycolysis. Regulation of glycolysis: regulatory enzymes and their modulators. Lactic and alcoholic fermentation. Catabolism of hexoses other than glucose. Gluconeogenesis. Comparison between glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. The Cori cycle. Hormonal regulation. Glycogen synthesis and glycogenolysis. Pentose phosphate pathway reactions and regulation.
Terminal Metabolism
Shuttle systems. Pyruvate dehydrogenase. Citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle): reactions and regulation. Catabolic and biosynthetic role of the Krebs cycle. Connection between the Krebs cycle and other metabolic pathways. The glyoxylate cycle. Electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation. The complexes of the respiratory chain. Coupling between electron flow and oxidative phosphorylation: mechanism of ATP synthase. Mitochondrial transport systems.
Lipid metabolism
Digestion and transport of lipids of the diet. Plasma lipoproteins. Activation of fatty acids. The β-oxidation. Energy balance of the β-oxidation. Oxidation of odd-chain fatty acids of carbon atoms and of unsaturated fatty acids. Ketogenesis and ketone bodies. Fatty acid synthesis. Elongation and unsaturation of fatty acids. Hormonal regulation. Biosynthesis of triglycerides. Biosynthesis of membrane lipids: phospholipids, cholesterol.
Amino acid metabolism
Digestion and absorption of dietary protein. Turnover of intracellular proteins. protein catabolism. Catabolism of amino acids: deamination and transamination. The urea cycle: reactions, enzymes, cellular compartmentalization and regulation. Demolition of the carbon backbone of the amino acids: Aa glucogenic and ketogenic. Amino acids as precursors of biomolecules: biosynthesis of biogenic amines (adrenaline, histamine, GABA); biosynthesis of creatine; biosynthesis and function of glutathione; heme biosynthesis.
Nucleotide metabolism
Biosynthesis and regulation of pyrimidine nucleotides. Recovery of purine bases. Biosynthesis of deoxyribonucleotides. Degradation of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides.
Course program - Last names M-Z
Principles of thermodynamics.
First and second law of thermodynamics. Free energy of chemical reactions. Coupled reactions. Chemical kinetics. Equilibrium and rate constants. Transition state and collisions theories.
Amino acids and Proteins
The amino acids. The peptide bond. Primary and secondary structure of proteins. Globular and fibrous proteins. tertiary structure. structure. Folding and stability of proteins.
Electrophoretic techniques: principles and applications. Isoelectric focusing mono and two-dimensional electrophoresis.
Protein functions: hemoglobin, immunoglobulins, enzymes
The proteins that carry oxygen. Structure of myoglobin. The structure of hemoglobin. and cooperative oxygen transport. Bohr effect. Effect of 2,3-bisphosphoglyceric acid. Fetal hemoglobin. Transport of carbon dioxide.
Structure and function of immunoglobulins. immunoenzymatic techniques: RIA assays and ELISA, western blot, immunohistochemistry
Principles of catalysis and enzyme kinetics
Factors affecting enzyme activity. Definition of initial speed. Equaz. Michaelis-Menten. Meaning of the kinetic parameters KM, Vmax, kcat, kcat / KM. Kinetic practice. Principles of spectrophotometry and assay of the enzymes.
Classification of enzymes. Cofactors of enzymes: metal ions and co-enzymes. Analysis of the kinetic data. Irreversible and reversible inhibitors. Allosteric enzymes. Characteristics and mechanisms of enzymatic catalysis. Examples of enzymatic catalysis. Ribonuclease, lysozyme, serine-protease. Mechanisms of regulation of enzyme activity. water-soluble vitamins and coenzymes.
Carbohydrates
Classification: mono-, oligo- and polysaccharides. Physical and chemical properties. Elements of stereoisomerism. Amino sugars. Homo- and eteroplisaccaridi. Glycosaminoglycans. Proteoglycans. Glycoproteins.
Lipids and biological membranes
Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Triglycerides, glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, terpenes (sterols and cholesterol), other derivatives unit activated isoprene (Vitamins A, D, E, K, ubiquinone). Lipids as intracellular and extracellular signaling molecules. Structure and function of biological membranes. The membrane transport.
Nucleic acids and genetic information
Nucleosides and nucleotides. DNA: structure and properties. Genes and chromosomes. DNA replication. DNA damage and mutations. Structure and function of messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA and transfer RNA. Synthesis of DNA-dependent RNA. The arabinose operon and that of the tryptophan. RNA maturation. genetic code. Ribosome: structure and function. Amino acid activation. Protein biosynthesis. Post-translational modifications of proteins. Protein degradation
Metabolism
General concepts. energy conversion. Compounds with "energy-rich" bonds. Coupled reactions. Catabolism and anabolism.
Carbohydrate metabolism
Reactions and enzymes of glycolysis. Thermodynamics of glycolysis. Regulation of glycolysis. Lactic and alcoholic fermentation. Catabolism of hexoses other than glucose. Gluconeogenesis. Comparison between glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. The Cori cycle. Glycogen synthesis and glycogenolysis. Pentose phosphate pathway: reactions and enzymes.
Terminal metabolism
Shuttle systems. Pyruvate dehydrogenase. Citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle). Thermodynamics and regulation. Catabolic and biosynthetic role of the Krebs cycle. Link between the Krebs cycle and other metabolic pathways. The glyoxylate cycle. Electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation. The complexes of the respiratory chain. Coupling between the electron flow and oxidative phosphorylation: ATP synthase mechanism. mitochondrial transport systems.
Lipid metabolism
Digestion and transport of dietary lipids. Plasma lipoproteins. Fatty acids Activation. The β-oxidation. Energy balance of the β-oxidation. Oxidation of odd-chain fatty acids of carbon atoms and of unsaturated fatty acids. Ketogenesis and ketone bodies. Synthesis of fatty acids. Elongation and unsaturation of fatty acids. Biosynthesis of triglycerides. Biosynthesis of membrane lipids: phospholipids, cholesterol.
Amino acid metabolism
Digestion and absorption of dietary proteins. Turnover of intracellular proteins. Catabolism of proteins. Catabolism of amino acids: deamination and transamination. The urea cycle: reactions, enzymes, cellular compartmentalization and regulation. Amino acids degradation. Amino acids as precursors of biomolecules: biosynthesis of biogenic amines (adrenaline, histamine, GABA); biosynthesis of creatine phosphate; biosynthesis and function of glutathione; heme biosynthesis.
Nucleotide metabolism
Biosynthesis and regulation and pyrimidine nucleotides. Recovery of purine bases. Biosynthesis of deoxyribonucleotides. Degradation of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides.
Photosynthesis
Photoreceptors and electron transport chain. Cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation. Rubisco. The Calvin cycle. Photorespiration.