Principles of Cytology: cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus; karyocinesis, apoptosis.
Epithelia, connective tissues, cartilage, bone, blood; muscle tissues; nervous tissue;
Fertilization and early phases of human development; implantation; formation of the body plan of the human embryo; derivatives of the germ layers with special reference to orofacial structures. Structure and development of teeth and periodontum. Tooth eruption and permutation.
Bani et al., Istologia Umana, Idelson-Gnocchi Editore;
Armato et al., Embriologia Umana, Idelson-Gnocchi Editore
Learning Objectives - Part A
Knowledge:
• cells, extracellular metrix , and tissues of the human body;
• steps and regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation, and human development.
Know-how:
• recognize normal cells and tissues of the human body;
• recognize the main cellular and extracellular structures with special reference to oro-dental tissues.
Prerequisites - Part A
No specific University level knowledge
Teaching Methods - Part A
Lectures
Seminars and practice with the light microscope
E-learning through on line distributed slides and videos
Type of Assessment - Part A
Oral examination and analysis and identification of cells and tissues in light microscopic slides
Course program - Part A
General features of cells: cell membrane, organelles, hyaloplasm, inclusions; specializations of the cell surface; structure of nucleus, karyokinesis, chromosomes; mechanisms for the homeostasis of cell populations, including apoptosis.
Epithelial tissues: simple (including endothelium), pseudostratified and stratified lining epithelia; exocrine glandular epithelia; endocrine glandular epithelia, non-epithelial endocrine tissues; general features of neuroepithelia.
Connective tissues: extracellular matrix of connective tissues, including basement membrane; autochthonous and blood-derived cells of connective tissues; connective tissues proper; cartilage (all types); bone tissue; osteogenesis.
Blood: red and white blood cells and their life cycle, platelets; basic concepts of haematopoiesis.
Muscle tissues: smooth muscle tissue; striated muscle, skeletal and cardiac.
Nervous tissue: neuron; glia; nerve fibers; synapsis; peripheral nerve endings.
Embryology: ovary and menstrual cycles, gametes; elementary morphogenetic processes; general features of stem cells, cell differentiation; principal control mechanisms of embryo development; first week of human embryo development, from zygotes to blastocysts; implantation; evolution of embryoblast in the second week from conception; third week of human embryo development (formation of primitive germ layers and notochord, organization of body scheme); neural plate, neural tube, neural crest, formation and evolution of encephalic vesicles, of the layers and laminae of neural tube and of neural crest; formation and development of surface ectoderm and its derivatives, with special reference to the stomodeum, and pharyngeal arches and grooves ectoderm, placodes and their destiny; differentiation of pharyngeal endoderm (including laryngotracheal bud and its derivatives); differentiation of paraxial, intermediate and lateral mesoderm. Structure and function of the placenta. Odontogenesis (steps of bud, hood, bell): amelogenesis, dentinogenesis, cementogenesis. Structure of dental tissues (crown, root). Structure of periodontal tissues (gingiva, periodontal ligament). Dental eruption and permutation.